Wildfire severity assessment and vegetation recovery monitoring are essential for sustainable forest management, particularly in Mediterranean mountain ecosystems increasingly affected by climate change. This study evaluates the severity and short-term regeneration of vegetation following the July 2022 fire in Montes de Valdueza (Ponferrada, Spain), using Landsat 8 OLI imagery and two spectral indices: differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) and differenced Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (dNDVI). Burn severity was classified into four categories, validated against PlanetScope high-resolution imagery as ground truth. The classification achieved an overall accuracy of 87.2% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.83, indicating strong agreement. Moderate severity dominated the burned area (69.4%), followed by low severity (22.8%). Vegetation recovery analysis conducted eight months after the fire revealed that 49.0% of the area showed low vegetation loss, 26.8% remained unchanged, and 7.8% experienced moderate loss. These findings highlight the resilience of shrub-dominated Mediterranean mountain landscapes and demonstrate the viability of low-cost remote sensing approaches for post-fire monitoring. The methodology provides replicable tools for managers to design long-term protocols that integrate vulnerability and resilience assessments in fire-prone regions.