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Grant support

The authors thank the financial support from the NSF Center for the Advancement of Wearable Technologies (grant no. 1849243) and NASA MIRO PR-SPRInT (grant no. 80NSSC19M0236).

Analysis of institutional authors

Marin, Clara M FontAuthor

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June 14, 2025
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Copper Foil Substrate Enables Planar Indium Plating for Ultrahigh-Efficiency and Long-Lifespan Aqueous Trivalent Metal Batteries

Publicated to:Advanced Functional Materials. 34 (44): - 2024-07-02 34(44), DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202407342

Authors: Chang, Songyang; Lu, Linguo; Ullah, Irfan; Hou, Wentao; Gomez, Jose Fernando Florez; Conde-Delmoral, Amanda; Marin, Clara M Font; Morell, Gerardo; Chen, Zhongfang; Wu, Xianyong

Affiliations

Univ Navarra, Dept Biochem & Genet, Pamplona 31009, Navarra, Spain - Author
Univ Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Campus, Dept Chem, San Juan, PR 00925 USA - Author
Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Phys, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00925 USA - Author

Abstract

Aqueous trivalent metal batteries represent a compelling candidate for energy storage due to the intriguing three-electron transfer reaction and the distinct properties of trivalent cations. However, little research progress has been achieved with trivalent batteries due to the inappropriate redox potentials and drastic ion hydrolysis side reactions. Herein, the appealing yet underrepresented trivalent indium is selected as an advanced metal choice and the crucial effect of substrate on its plating mechanism is revealed. When copper foil is used, an indiophilic indium-copper alloy interface can be formed in situ upon plating, exhibiting favorable binding energies and low diffusion energy barriers for indium atoms. Consequently, a planar, smooth, and dense indium metal layer is uniformly deposited on the copper substrate, leading to outstanding plating efficiency (99.8-99.9%) and an exceedingly long lifespan (6.4-7.4 months). The plated indium anode is further paired with a high-mass-loading Prussian blue cathode (2 mAh cm-2), and the full cell (negative/positive electrode capacity, N/P = 2.5) delivers an excellent cycling life of 1000 cycles with 72% retention. This work represents a significant advancement in the development of high-performance trivalent metal batteries. Indium is demonstrated as an advanced anode for aqueous trivalent metal batteries and its planar plating on a copper foil is realized, leading to ultrahigh efficiency (99.85%) and long cycling life (6.4-7.4 months). image

Keywords

Aqueous trivalent metal batteriesIndium metal anodeIndium-copper alloyPlanar platingUltrahigh efficienc

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Advanced Functional Materials due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2024 there are still no calculated indicators, but in 2023, it was in position 9/187, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Physics, Applied. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

Independientemente del impacto esperado determinado por el canal de difusión, es importante destacar el impacto real observado de la propia aportación.

Según las diferentes agencias de indexación, el número de citas acumuladas por esta publicación hasta la fecha 2025-07-20:

  • WoS: 6

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-07-20:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 4.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 4 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 1.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 4 (Altmetric).

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: United States of America.